Innovation in advanced bioactive biomaterials for 3D printing

Recent advances in 3D printing technologies have significantly expanded the possibilities in biomedical engineering, especially through the development of advanced bioactive biomaterials. This review explores the latest innovations in the design, synthesis, and application of bioactive materials tailored for 3D printing, with a focus on their role in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and personalized healthcare solutions. We examine categories such as bioceramics, natural and synthetic polymers, composite hydrogels, and bioinks enhanced with nanoparticles or biologically active agents. Key criteria such as biocompatibility, printability, mechanical stability, and biodegradability are discussed in relation to their suitability for additive manufacturing processes. Moreover, the integration of smart functionalities—such as antimicrobial activity, controlled drug release, or cell signaling modulation—is highlighted as a transformative trend in the development of next-generation biomaterials. Finally, the review addresses the current challenges in translating these materials from the lab to clinical applications, including regulatory barriers, scalability, and long-term performance. This overview aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolving landscape of bioactive biomaterials for 3D printing and to identify future research directions in this rapidly growing interdisciplinary field.